TARIHIN NOMA DA KIWO
Noma da kiwo tun farkon zamantakewar dan’adam a wannan duniya kasancewarsu farkon sana’ar dan’adam, sun kasance ababen awa fifiko ga kowace irin kabila ko zamantakewa ta mutane. Domin ta hanyar noma da kiwo ne ake samun bunkasar tattaklin arziki ga kowace al’umma kuma noma ya zama kariya daga karewar abinci ko tufafi ko kayan masarufi na amfanin yau da kullum.Dalilin muhimmanci wnnan sana’a ne yasa ake kirkiro filayen noma wato gonaki wanda daga baya suke bunkasa su zama kauyuka,garuruwa,birane,jahohi,kasashe, kai har nahiyoyi kamar yadda zamu gaan gaba kadan. Da wannan sai na raba tarihin noma da kiwo gida hudu kamar haka;
- NOMA KAFIN TARIHI (pre-historical agriculture) : Noma kafin tarihi ya fara a wajejen shekara ta 10,000 kafin zuwan annabi isa ko fiye da haka. Ana daukan wannan lokaci a matsayin lokacin noman farko. Manyan gonakin noman lokacin sune na kudu-maso gabas da kudu-maso yamma na yankin ashiya (asia). Wanda yanzu yake kasar Hindu (India),Farisa(Iran),Iraki (Iraq),Isaira’ila (Israel) da makamantansu.Kamar kogin Nilu a kasar Masar (Egypt) kogin Danube a turai da kuma tafkin Indus-ganga a kasar hindu sune manyan santocin noma da kiwo na waccan zamanin. Wannan shine farkon noma da aka fara kirkirar kayayyakin aiki saboda tilashin yin noma da kula da amfani har zuwa girbi, inda ake amfani da itace,duwatsu da kuma kasusuwan dabbobi sun zama ababen ambata a tarihin wancan zamani.
- NOMAN TARIHI (historical agriculture) : wannan lokaci ya fara daga shekara ta 2,500 kafin zuwan annabi Isa zuwa shekara ta 500 kafin zuwan annabi Isa.shine zamani na farko a wannan harka da aka fara amfani da karafa wajen aikin noma . Hakanan filayen noma sun karu inda suka rufe kusan kudu-maso gabas na Ashiya,gabas ta tsakiya,turai,arewacin amurka da gabashin Ashiya.
Kayan aikin zamani sun bunkasa an kuma samu cigaba a wajen kayayyakin ajiya da fannin noman rani sun zama abubuwan da suka haskaka wancan lokaci.Kuma shine lokaci na farko a tarihi da aka fara kasuwancin amfanin gona, wanda yanzu ya fadada ya bunkasa ya zama kasuwancin noma na zamani - NOMAN SARKI (feudal agriculture): wannan lokaci ya fara daga shekara ta 500 kafin zuwan annabi Isa zuwa ta 1700 bayan mutuwa annabi Isa, Noma dai kiwo sun samu daukaka matuka a wajejen shekara ta 1000 bayan mutuwar annabi isa amma ta dan samu tasgaro bayannan saboda wasu dalilai. Wannan lokaci ya siffantu matuka da fadada da bunkasar wannan harka ta hanyar amafani da takin gargajiya don a bunkasa yawan amfani da ake samu wannan ya zama muhimmin al’amari a wancan lokacin. manyan abubuwan ambato a wancan lokaci sun hada da komawa noma gaba ki daya a yankin turai, gabas ta tsakiya da kudu-maso gabashin ashiya.
- NOMAN ZAMANI: A karni na 17 bayan wafatin annabi Isa duniya ta samu kari da cunkoso mai yawa a cikin al’ummarta. Wannan yasa aka samun karin al’umma a Ashiya,Afirika,Amurka da sauran da suke kewayan tafkuna. Wannan yasa masana suka dukufa wajen binciko sababbin hanyoyi da dabaru kan yadda za’a bunkasa amfanin gona. Wannan ya zama dalilin da wasu yan kasuwa suka tsunduma cikin harkar nom wanda yanzu a kasani da noman kasuwanci (commercial agriculture) inda wani mutum ko kungiya ko kasa ko nahiya ta dogara kan noma amfani kaza da kaza, wanda wannan amfani bayan an noma shi kuma za’a fita dashi waje dan samun gwagwgwabar riba.
Hakanan juyin-juya hali da aka samu a bangaren masana’antu ya samar da kirkire-kirkire a harkar noma da kiwo. Musamman fannin noman rani (irrigation), kimiyar hada jinsi biyu ko fiye da haka (genetics) da kuma girbe amfanin gona.Amma kimiyar hada jinsi biyu ko fiye da haka ana yinsa kan dalilai da yawa kamar don bunkasa yawa da juriya amfanin gona da dabbar kiwo wanan ya sauya fasalin noman wannan zamani baki daya. Hakanan sababbin irin noma da ake samu a dakunan gwaje-gwaje (laborotories) masu juriya da nagarta kuma dan su biya bukatar kasuwa da mutane.Wannan yasa duniya ta kai ga cimma bukatarta ta abinci,nama ,suturu da sauransu ga al’ummar da takai kimanin mutane sama da biliyan 7. in Allah ya kai mu lokacin na gaba zamu tattauna akan tarihin noma da kiwo a najeriya.
Mairubutu: Auwal Abdulqadir Sani
